Differences

This shows you the differences between two versions of the page.

--- aircraft:ec135_helicopter [2020/10/08 16:59] – [Flightdeck Introduction] jh
+++ aircraft:ec135_helicopter [2023/11/08 20:58] (current) – jh
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+===== **REDIRECTION NOTICE** =====
+The tutorials have been moved to the aerofly.com main page.
+[[https://www.aerofly.com/tutorials/|→ New Aerofly FS Tutorials]]
+\\
+\\
+\\
+\\
+\\
+\\
 ===== Eurocopter EC135-T1 Helicopter =====
@@ Line 34: / Line 47: @@
   * FLI - first limit indicator: engine instruments, torque, temperature and engine rotation speeds
   * NR/N2 - rotors speed and engine power turbine speeds
-  * CAD - caution advisory panel, left/right engine and general systems in the middle
+  * CAD - caution advisory display, left/right engine and general systems in the middle
   * FADEC switches to control the engine operating mode: OFF, IDLE, FLIGHT mode
   * Display controllers to configure the PFD and ND displays
@@ Line 125: / Line 138: @@
 When one of the engine needles (1 or 2) joins the rotor speed needle (R) then the engine power turbine speed matches the rotor speed and the engine is currently powering the rotor. During normal flight all three needles are joined and both engines are providing power to the rotor and tail rotor at the same time and they share the load.
+==== Collective Pitch Lever ====
+{{ :aircraft:ec135_collective.png?280|}}
+The collective pitch lever of the EC135 is used to control all blade pitch angles of the main rotor together. Raising it up increases the blade pitch and causes the rotor lift to increase, the aircraft starts to climb. Lowering the collective pitch lever decreases the lift and the helicopter starts descending.
+  * You can and should assign a controller axis to this collective lever in the controller setup in the helicopter section. Per default this axis is already assigned to the throttle slider since you don't usually need to control the throttle in a helicopter.
+  * On mobile you can find the collective pitch input on the left hand side of the screen where you would normally see the throttle for airplanes.
+At the top and bottom of the collective pitch handle you can control the twist grip rotation for the upper and lower half of the lever. The twist grip is usually at the neutral center position throughout the entire flight. You can however rotate the twist grips out of the center position to take over manual fuel control of the individual engines. Rotating the lever with the left thumb down closes the fuel flow. The dot and N label move towards the right hand side, away from the MAX label above it. This causes the engine 1 or 2 to spool down to idle or even below idle into cut off if you twist it all the way.
+  * You can assign this control in the controller settings, look for helicopter throttle. We don't recommend doing that unless you are an advanced or professional user who wants to practice some autorotations. The FADEC usually controls the fuel flow and there is no need to interfere with its operation, not even when you want to shut the engine down. Use the ENG MAIN switches to shut down the engine in a normal way.
+There are several switches and buttons at the top section of the collective lever, easily accessible to the pilot during flight. These are the landing light switches and directional adjustment of these lights.
+==== Cyclic ====
+{{ :aircraft:ec135_cyclic.png?280|}}
+The cyclic stick controls the pitch and roll rates of the helicopter. A forward cyclic stick input lowers the nose of the helicopter. Pulling back on the stick pitches the nose up. Moving the stick left or right rolls the aircraft left or right.
+At the top of the stick you can find several push-buttons and hat-switches.
+The red button disengages the autopilot and stability augmentation system (SAS) and allows you to fly the helicopter without any stabilization.
+The hat-switch below and to the right of that controls the pitch trim and roll trim. When the autopilot is engaged these buttons forward commands to the autopilot and can change the pitch angle, selected airspeed, selected vertical speed, altitude currently held or the bank angle, selected heading depending on the active autopilot modes.
+  * You can assign the airplane elevator and aileron trims in the general section of the controller setup to control this hat-switch and to control these trim inputs with your joysticks.
+==== Engine Main and FADEC Switches ====
+In the front panel in the lower left center section you can find the engine 1 and 2 MAIN switches, labeled OFF, IDLE and FLIGHT as well as the FADEC switches.
+ENG 1/2 MAIN switches:
+  * OFF - The engine shuts down, fuel is removed
+  * IDLE - The engine is automatically started and spools up to idle and then maintains a rotor speed between 72 and 74%. When the engine was in flight mode before it spools down to idle.
+  * FLIGHT - The engine accelerates the rotor to around 100%. The FADECs change the engine core speed to maintain a constant rotor speed when you change the collective pitch input
+The FADEC switch turn the FADECs off when the engine has stopped. When the engine is still running the FADEC stays on but in a less redundant operating mode.
+To override the FADEC fuel flow to the engine you can rotate the twist grips on the collective pitch lever.
+{{ :aircraft:ec135_fadec_controls.png?400 |}}
+==== MCDU ====
+Navigation and communication frequencies can be changed with the Multifunction Control Display Unit (MCDU).
+  * Push the FREQ button to access the radio page. It should already be displayed per default.
+As an example we will now tune a frequency for the NAV 1 receiver. All other frequencies are tuned in a similar fashion.
+  * Enter the frequency you want to tune with the number-keypad. The entry appears in the scratchpad at the bottom of the MCDU screen.
+  * Press the line select key on the right where you want to enter the frequency. This will set the standby frequency of the receiver.
+  * Transfer the frequency to the active side on the left by pushing the associated line select key on the left hand side, in this case "<- NAV1"
+{{ :aircraft:ec135_mcdu_nav1.png?400 |}}
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 ==== Basic Modes ====
-When the autopilot is first turned it's in the basic attitude hold modes for pitch angle and bank angle. When no higher mode is selected the autopilot always falls back onto these basic modes.
+When the autopilot is first turned on it's in the basic attitude hold modes for pitch angle and bank angle. When no higher mode is selected the autopilot always falls back onto these basic modes.
 The primary flight display shows no indications in the flight mode annunciator at the top of the display. When the pilot turns off an upper mode you can see an empty green box flashing. When the upper mode disengaged for any other reason then the box will flash in amber. The autopilot still remains on but it reverted to the basic mode.
@@ Line 240: / Line 315: @@
 The ALT button lights up green and the FMA shows "ALT" in green.
-  * Use your pitch trim inputs and hold them to slew the target altitude. When you let go the aircraft levels off at the new altitude.
+  * Use your pitch trim inputs and hold them to slew the target altitude. When you stop trimming the aircraft levels off at the new altitude.
   * Use collective inputs to change the airspeed.
   * Push the ALT button again to turn the mode off.
@@ Line 309: / Line 384: @@
 {{ :aircraft:ec135_approach_arm.png |}}
 ----
+===== Checklist =====
+This checklist is abbreviated and NOT suited for real world flight. Use for flight simulation purposes only!
+----
+==== Before Start ====
+  * Battery master (BAT MSTR) ON
+Check for a full needle deflection on the NR/N2 display for all three needles.
+  * Ground power (GND PWR) OFF
+  * Fuel PRIME pumps 1 and 2 ON
+  * Anti-Collision light (A-COLL) ON
+  * Position lights ON
+  * Cyclic stick CENTERED
+  * FADEC switches 1 and 2 ON
+----
+==== Engine Start ====
+  * Rotor area check CLEAR
+  * Rotor brake DISENGAGED
+  * Engine 1 ENG MAIN switch set to IDLE
+Monitor as N1 increases, TOT rises, engine oil pressure increases, NR and engine N2 are rising, rotor spinning.
+Let the rotor speed stabilize to around 72-74%.
+  * Engine 2 ENG MAIN switch set to IDLE
+Monitor engine 2 start and let it stabilize, too.
+----
+==== After Engine Start ====
+  * Avionic MASTER switches all ON
+  * Inverter switch(es) ON
+  * Pitot Heat 1/2 ON
+  * Fuel transfer pumps (XFER) pumps both ON
+  * Fuel PRIME pumps both OFF
+Check instruments and set them as desired/neccessary.
+  * ENG MAIN switches both to FLIGHT
+  * Autopilot ON (verify OFF light is off and FMA shows no indications)
+  * Attitude trim (A TRIM) ON
+Monitor rotor acceleration to at least 97% NR.
+  * Doors closed
+  * CAD check no remaining caution messages
+----
+==== Hover and Takeoff ====
+  * Cyclic stick centered
+  * Gently raise the collective to lift off
+  * Maintain heading with pedal inputs
+Check that NR/N2 indicates 100% and that both FLI needles have joined.
+  * Add gentle nose down input to accelerate
+  * Pitch for 50 knots until roughly 50ft above ground
+  * Accelerate to 65 knots by 100ft and maintain it for the climb
+----
+==== Landing ====
+Perform a standard approach to 50ft above ground
+  * Keep the descent rate less than 500ft/min below 40 knots
+  * Flare by gently raising the nose and by increasing collective input
+  * Slowly touch down when the forward speed reached zero
+  * Lower collective all the way
+  * Neutralize cyclic stick
+----
+==== Shut-Down ====
+  * Both ENG MAIN switches to IDLE
+  * Inverter and avionics switches OFF
+  * Fuel transfer (XFER) pumps all OFF
+  * Position light switch OFF
+Shut down all unnecessary systems.
+  * Both ENG MAIN switches to OFF
+Monitor engine and rotor deceleration.
+  * Apply rotor brake only when necessary.
+  * When rotor stopped: Anti-collision light OFF
+  * FADEC switches both OFF
+  * Battery master (BATT MSTR) OFF
+----
+Have fun and safe flights!
 {{ :aircraft:ec135_hover.jpg |}}